月球运动论
月球运动论的应用
月球运动论的应用包括下列的这些项目:
在18世纪,月球运动论和观测之间的比较,曾被以月球远地点的运动用于测试牛顿万有引力定律;
在18世纪和19世纪,航海表以月球运动论为基础,最初的航海年历多数以月角距的方法确定在海上的经度。
在非常早的20世纪,比较月球运动论和观测被用来作为引力理论的另一种测试,用来测试 (或排除)西蒙·纽康的建议:著名的水星近日点运动差异或许可以调整牛顿万有引力的平方反比定律的二阶参数来改进,:(最后是广义相对论成功的解释差异)。
在20世纪中叶,在原子钟发展之前,月球运动论和观察被用来组合作为天文时间尺度的工具 (历书时),以免除不规则的平太阳时;
在20世纪末叶和21世纪初期,发展的现代月球运动论正在使用中,结合高精度观察,测试广义相对论和一般物理的正确性,包括强等效原则、相对论重力、测地线进动和重力常数的恒定。
当现代的方法 (像是GPS)不能使用时,月球的位置配合太阳、明亮的行星和恒星,可以用来为船只和飞机导航。
历史
月球已经被观测了数千年,在这些年代中,根据可用的工具,在任何时间都有各种不同程度的关注和精确度。因此月球运动论有相应的悠久历史:从巴比伦和希腊天文学家,延伸到现代的月球激光测距。
自古以来,对月球运动论和相关联的理论有所着墨的天文学家和数学家,包括:
巴比伦/迦勒底:Naburimannu、Kidinnu、Soudines
希腊/古希腊:喜帕恰斯、托勒密
阿拉伯:Ibn al-Shatir
欧洲,16世纪至20世纪初期:
第谷·布拉赫
开普勒
杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯
Bullialdus
约翰·佛兰斯蒂德
艾萨克·牛顿
莱昂哈德·欧拉
亚历克西斯·克劳德·克莱罗
让·勒朗·达朗贝尔
Tobias Mayer
J T Bürg
P S拉普拉斯
J K Burckhardt
P A Hansen
C Delaunay
E W Brown
W J Eckert
Jean Chapront & Michelle Chapront-Touzé
并且还有其他著名的数学天文学家也做出了重大的贡献,其中包括:爱德蒙·哈雷、comte de Pontécoulant;J C 亚当斯、G W Hill、和Simon Newcomb.
这一部分的历史可以分为三个阶段:从古代到牛顿、古典 (牛顿的) 物理时期、和近代的发展。
从古代到牛顿
书目
"AE 1871":"Nautical Almanac & Astronomical Ephemeris" for 1871, (London, 1867).
E W Brown (1896),"An Introductory Treatise on the Lunar Theory", (Cambridge University Press, 1896).
E W Brown (1903),"On the verification of the Newtonian law", Monthly Notes of the Royal Astronomical Society 63 (1903), 396-397.
E W Brown (1919),"Tables of the Motion of the Moon", (New Haven, 1919).
M Chapront-Touzé & J Chapront:"The lunar ephemeris ELP-2000", Astronomy & Astrophysics124 (1983), 50..62.
M Chapront-Touzé & J Chapront:"ELP2000-85: a semi-analytical lunar ephemeris adequate for historical times", Astronomy & Astrophysics190 (1988), 342..352.
M Chapront-Touzé & J Chapront,Analytical Ephemerides of the Moon in the 20th Century(Observatoire de Paris, 2002).
J Chapront , M Chapront-Touzé , G Francou:"A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements", Astronomy & Astrophysics387 (2002), 700..709.
J Chapront & G Francou:"The lunar theory ELP revisited. Introduction of new planetary perturbations", Astronomy & Astrophysics404 (2003), 735..742.
I B Cohen and Anne Whitman (1999), "Isaac Newton: The Principia, a new translation", University of California Press, 1999. (For bibliographic details but no text, seeexternal link.)
J O Dickey, P L Bender, J E Faller, and others,"Lunar Laser Ranging: A Continuing Legacy of the Apollo Program", Science 265 (1994), pp. 482–490.
J L E Dreyer (1906),"A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler", (Cambridge University Press, 1906) (later republished under the modified title "History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler").
W J Eckert et al., Improved Lunar Ephemeris 1952-1959: A Joint Supplement to the American Ephemeris and the (British) Nautical Almanac, (US Government Printing Office, 1954).
J Epping & J N Strassmaier (1881), "Zur Entzifferung der astronomischen Tafeln der Chaldaer" ("On the deciphering of Chaldaean astronomical tables"), Stimmen aus Maria Laach, vol.21 (1881), pp. 277–292.
"ESAE 1961": "Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris and the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac" ("prepared jointly by the Nautical Almanac Offices of the United Kingdom and the United States of America"), London (HMSO), 1961.
K Garthwaite, D B Holdridge & J D Mulholland (1970),"A preliminary special perturbation theory for the lunar motion", Astronomical Journal 75 (1970), 1133.
H Godfray (1885),"Elementary Treatise on the Lunar Theory", (London, 1885, (4th ed.)).
Andrew Motte (1729a) (translator), "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, by Sir Isaac Newton, translated into English",Volume I, containing Book 1.
Andrew Motte (1729b) (translator), "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, by Sir Isaac Newton, translated into English",Volume II, containing Books 2 and 3(with Index, Appendix containing additional (Newtonian) proofs, and "The Laws of the Moon"s Motion according to Gravity", by John Machin).
J D Mulholland & P J Shelus (1973),"Improvement of the numerical lunar ephemeris with laser ranging data", Moon 8 (1973), 532.
O Neugebauer (1975),"A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy", (in 3 volumes), (New York (Springer), 1975).
X X Newhall, E M Standish, J G Williams (1983),"DE102: A numerically integrated ephemeris of the Moon and planets spanning forty-four centuries", Astronomy and Astrophysics 125 (1983), 150.
U S Naval Observatory (2009),History of the Astronomical Almanac.
J G Williams et al. (1972) "Making solutions from lunar laser ranging data", Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society (1972), 4Q, 267.
J.G.Williams, S.G.Turyshev, and D.H.Boggs,"Progress in Lunar Laser Ranging Tests of Relativistic Gravity", Physical Review Letters, 93 (2004), 261101.
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