紫菀属
名称
在英文中,紫菀的名字Aster来自于古希腊语的单词astron,意思是“星”,并经过具有同样意思的拉丁文单词astrum而被引入,人们用这个词实际上是在描述紫菀的花序。
在园艺中,人们通常按照习惯,把分类变更之前及之后的植物都统称为“紫菀”。
形态
多年生草本,亚灌木或灌木。茎直立。叶互生,有齿或全缘。头状花序作伞房状或圆锥伞房状排列,或单生,各有多数异形花,放射状,外围有1-2层雌花,中央有多数两性花,都结果实,少有无雌花而呈盘状。总苞半球状、钟状或倒锥状;总苞片2至多层,外层渐短,覆瓦状排列或近等长,草质或革质。花托蜂窝状,平或稍凸起。雌花花冠舌状,舌片狭长,白色、浅红色、紫色或蓝色,顶端有2-3个不明显的齿;两性花花冠管状,黄色或顶端紫褐色,通常有5等形的裂片。花药基部钝,通常全缘。花柱分枝附片披针形或三角形。冠毛宿存,白色或红褐色,有多数近等长的细糙毛,或另有一外层极短的毛或膜片。瘦果长圆形或倒卵圆形,扁或两面稍凸,有2边肋,通常被毛或有腺。
紫菀 Aster tataricus
用途
该属中很多的种、杂交种和变种都被种植在花园里,因为它们具有吸引人而多彩的花朵。
紫菀属的植物也被一些鳞翅目昆虫的幼虫作为食物。
其中紫菀(A. tataricus L.f.) 则为常用药材,产于华北、东北和西北,根能润肺化痰、止咳。
分布
在美国紫菀甚至可以在所有的抗寒区(Hardiness zone)生长。但现在,紫菀属中的种通常仅限于东半球,而新大陆上的物种已经被重新归于泽菀属(Almutaster)、沼菀属(Canadanthus)、东风菜属(Doellingeria)、丽菀属(Eucephalus)、绿顶菊属(Eurybia)、踝菀属(Ionactis)、白黄花属(Oligoneuron)、山冠菊属(Oreostemma)、白顶菊属(Sericocarpus)和卷舌菊属(Symphyotrichum), 尽管所有的这些属都属于紫菀族(Astereae)。
这个属中只有两个种是原产于英国的,其中麻菀(Aster linosyris)很稀有,而另一种是海紫菀(Aster tripolium)。高山紫菀(Aster alpinus spp. vierhapperi)则是唯一的北美原生种。
在中国紫菀属的植物分布十分广泛,各地均产。
分类
种:
Aster ageratoides Turcz.三脉紫菀
Aster aitchisonii Boiss.
Aster alatipes Hemsl.翼柄紫菀
Aster albanicus Degen
Aster albescens (DC.) Hand.-Mazz.小舌紫菀
Aster alpinus Linn.高山紫菀
Aster amellus L. 雅美紫菀
Aster ananthocladus Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Aster andicola Hauman
Aster andohahelensis Humbert
Aster aragonensis Asso
Aster arenosus (A. Heller) S.F.Blake
Aster argyropholis Hand.-Mazz.银鳞紫菀
Aster asa-grayi Makino
Aster asteroides (DC.) O. Ktze.星舌紫菀
Aster auriculatus Franch.耳叶紫菀
Aster baccharoides (Benth.) Steetz.白舌紫菀
Aster bakerianus Burtt Davy ex C.A.Sm.
Aster barbatus (DC.) Harv.
Aster barbellatus Griers.髯毛紫菀
Aster baronii Humbert
Aster batangensis Bur. et Franch.巴塘紫菀
Aster bietii Franch.线舌紫菀
Aster bipinnatisectus Ludlow ex Griers.重羽紫菀
Aster blepharophyllus A. Gray
Aster blepharophyllus A. Gray
Aster brachytrichus Franch.短毛紫菀
Aster brevis Hand.-Mazz. 短茎紫菀
Aster bulleyanus J. F. Jeffr.扁毛紫菀
Aster blepharophyllus A. Gray
Aster chimanimaniensis W. Lippert
Aster colchicus Albov
Aster comptonii W. Lippert
Aster confertifolius Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Aster creticus (Gand.) Rech. f.
Aster curtus Cronquist
Aster diplostephioides (DC.) C. B. Clarke重冠紫菀
Aster dolichophyllus Ling长叶紫菀
Aster dolichopodus Ling长梗紫菀
Aster erucifolius (Thell.) W. Lippert
Aster falcifolius Hand.-Mazz.镰叶紫菀
Aster falconeri (C.B. Clarke) Hutch.
Aster fanjingshanicus Y.L. Chen & D.J. Liu
Aster farreri W. W. Sm. et J. F. Jeffr.狭苞紫菀
Aster filipes J.Q. Fu
Aster flaccidus Bge.萎软紫菀
Aster formosanus Hayata台岩紫菀
Aster frutescens S. Watson
Aster fulgidulus Griers.辉叶紫菀
Aster fuscescens Burr. et Franch.褐毛紫菀
Aster giraldii Diels秦中紫菀
Aster glehnii F. Schmidt
Aster gracilicaulis Ling细茎紫菀
Aster grisebachii Britton
Aster gymnocephalus (DC.) A. Gray
Aster handelii Onno红冠紫菀
Aster harveyanus Kuntze
Aster hayatae H. Lév. & Vaniot
Aster heliopsis Grierson
Aster hersileoides Schneid.横斜紫菀
Aster heterolepis Hand.-Mazz.异苞紫菀
Aster himalaicus C. B. Clarke须弥紫菀
Aster hololachnus Ling全茸紫菀
Aster homochlamydeus Hand.-Mazz.等苞紫菀
Aster hunanensis Hand.-Mazz.湖南紫菀
Aster hypoleucus Hand.-Mazz.白背紫菀
Aster iinumae Kitam. ex H.Hara
Aster indamellus Griers.叶苞紫菀
Aster intricatus (A. Gray) S.F. Blake
Aster ionoglossus Ling堇舌紫菀
Aster itsunboshi Kitam.大埔紫菀
Aster jeffreyanus Diels滇西北紫菀
Aster juchaihu Z.Y. Zhu & B.Q. Min
Aster kantoensis Kitam.
Aster koraiensis Nakai
Aster laevigatus (Sond.) Kuntze
Aster laka C.B. Clarke
Aster langaoensis J.Q. Fu
Aster lanuginosus (J. Small) Ling棉毛紫菀
Aster latibracteatus Franch.宽苞紫菀
Aster lavanduliifolius Hand.-Mazz.线叶紫菀
Aster likiangensis Franch.丽江紫菀
Aster limosus Hemsl.湿生紫菀
Aster lingulatus Franch.舌叶紫菀
Aster linosyris (L.) Bernh. 麻菀
Aster lipskyi Komar.青海紫菀
Aster luzonensis Elmer
Aster lydenburgensis W. Lippert
Aster maackii Regel圆苞紫菀
Aster madagascariensis Humbert
Aster magnus Y.N. Lee & C. Kim
Aster mandrarensis Humbert
Aster mangshanensis Ling莽山紫菀
Aster megalanthus Ling大花紫菀
Aster menelii Lévl.黔中紫菀
Aster microcephalus (Miq.) Franch. & Sav.
Aster milanjiensis S. Moore
Aster miyagii Koidz.
Aster molliusculus (DC.) C. B. Clarke软毛紫菀
Aster morrisonensis Hayata玉山紫菀
Aster motuoensis Y.L. Chen
Aster moupinsensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz.川鄂紫菀
Aster neo-elegans Griers.新雅紫菀
Aster nigromontanus Dunn黑山紫菀
Aster nitidus Chang亮叶紫菀
Aster nubimontis W. Lippert
Aster oleifolius (Lam.) Wagenitz
Aster oreophilus Franch.石生紫菀
Aster ovalifolius Kitam.卵叶紫菀
Aster panduratus Nees ex Walper琴叶紫菀
Aster patulus Lam.
Aster peduncularis Wall. ex Nees
Aster peglerae Bolus
Aster perfoliatus Oliv.
Aster philippinensis S. Moore
Aster platylepis Y.L. Chen
Aster pleiocephalus (Harv.) Hutch.
Aster poliothamnus Diels灰枝紫菀
Aster polius Schneid.灰毛紫菀
Aster prainii (Drumm.) Y. L. Chen厚棉紫菀
Aster prorerus Hemsl.高茎紫菀
Aster pseudobakerianus W. Lippert
Aster pubentior Cronquist
Aster punctatus Waldst. & Kit.
Aster pycnophyllus W. W. Smith密叶紫菀
Aster pyrenaeus Desf. ex DC.
Aster quitensis Willd. ex Spreng.
Aster retusus Ludlow凹叶紫菀
Aster riparius Kunth
Aster rockianus Hand.-Mazz.腾越紫菀
Aster saboureaui Humbert
Aster salwinensis Onno怒江紫菀
Aster sampsonii (Hance) Hemsl.短舌紫菀
Aster satsumensis Soejima
Aster savatieri Makino
Aster sedifolius L.
Aster semiamplexicaulis Makino ex Koidz.
Aster senecioides Franch.狗舌紫菀
Aster shastensis (A. Gray) A. Gray
Aster sikkimensis Hook.锡金紫菀
Aster sikuensis W. W. Smith et Farr.西固紫菀
Aster sinianus Hand.-Mazz.岳麓紫菀
Aster smithianus Hand.-Mazz.甘川紫菀
Aster sodiroi Hieron.
Aster souliei Franch.缘毛紫菀
Aster spathulifolius Maxim.
Aster sphaerotus Ling圆耳紫菀
Aster steeleorum Shinners
Aster stracheyi Hook. f.匍生紫菀
Aster sugimotoi Kitam.
Aster sutchuenensis Franch.四川紫菀
Aster tagasagomontanus Sasaki.山紫菀
Aster taiwanensis Kitam.台湾紫菀
Aster taliangshanensis Ling凉山紫菀
Aster tansaniensis W. Lippert
Aster tarbagatensis (K. Koch) Merxm.
Aster tataricus Linn. f.紫菀
Aster techinensis Ling德钦紫菀
Aster tenuipes Makino
Aster thomsonii C.B. Clarke
Aster tientschuanensis Hand.-Mazz.天全紫菀
Aster tolmatschevii Tamamsch.
Aster tongolensis Franch.东俄洛紫菀
Aster tricephalus C. B. Clarke三头紫菀
Aster trichoneurus Ling毛脉紫菀
Aster trinervius D. Don三基脉紫菀
Aster tripolium L.海紫菀
Aster tsarungensis (Griers.) Ling察瓦龙紫菀
Aster turbinatus S. Moore陀螺紫菀
Aster veitchianus Hutch. et Drumm.峨眉紫菀
Aster velutinosus Ling毡毛紫菀
Aster vestitus Franch.密毛紫菀
Aster viscidulus (Makino) Makino
Aster vvedenskyi Bondarenko
Aster willkommii Sch.Bip.
Aster woroschilowii Zdor. & Schapoval
Aster yakushimensis (Kitam.) Soejima & Yahara
Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda
Aster yoshinaganus (Kitam.) Mot. Ito & Soejima
Aster yunnanensis Franch.云南紫菀
Aster zayuensis Y.L. Chen
Aster zuluensis W. Lippert
杂交种:
Aster x dumosus
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