家庭背景与早年生活

  胡佛，约1877年

1874年8月10日，赫伯特·胡佛生于艾奥瓦州的西布兰奇。他是第一位生于密西西比河以西的美国总统，也是至今唯一一位生于艾奥瓦州的总统。父亲杰西·胡佛（ Jesse Hoover ）是一位铁匠和农具店店主，系德国-瑞士裔；母亲赫尔达·明索恩（ Hulda Minthorn ）则生于加拿大安大略省的诺里奇，为英格兰-苏格兰裔移民后代。夫妇均为贵格会教徒。

胡佛的父母于1880年、1884年先后病逝，这使他年仅9岁就成了孤儿。之后，他先是和祖母在普利茅斯的金斯利（Kingsley）生活了一段短暂的时间，随后又与叔叔艾伦·胡佛（Allen Hoover）在西布兰奇一起住了一年半。1885年11月起搬到俄勒冈州的纽伯格市与之前一年刚丧失爱子的舅舅约翰·明索恩（ John Minthorn ）一起生活。胡佛在教友会太平洋学院（Friends Pacific Academy，今乔治·福克斯大学的前身）上了两年学，然后到他舅舅位于塞勒姆的不动产公司打杂。尽管从未上过高中，但胡佛坚持上夜校，并学习了簿记、打字和数学。

1891年斯坦福大学建校开学，胡佛作为第一批学生被免予学费入学 。胡佛自称他为斯坦福的 第一个 学生，理由为他是宿舍楼中第一个班的第一个学生 。他在学校中担任棒球和橄榄球队的学生经理，还于1892年参加了首场斯坦福和伯克利一年一度的校间橄榄球对决 。作为棒球队经理，胡佛还经历过这样一件趣事：1894年的一场比赛之后，他发现球票收入对不上账—一位观众没有交25美分的票钱。他追上这位观众要钱，才发现这个人正是一年前刚刚离任的前总统本杰明·哈里森。那时，哈里森正在斯坦福教授法律。后来回忆起这次邂逅，胡佛说那是他“第一次和伟人在一起。”1895年，胡佛被授予地质学学位并从斯坦福毕业 。

婚姻和家庭

1899年胡佛与斯坦福上学时的女友卢·亨利结婚。二人育有二子：小赫伯特·克拉克（Herbert Clark Jr.，1903–1969）和艾伦·亨利（Allan Henry，1907–1993）。

卢·亨利并不像她的前任们那样来到白宫后才开始为人所知。作为当年斯坦福大学班上唯一一个取得了地质学学位的女生，她早已名声在外。尽管卢·亨利从来没有正式从事过她的专业工作，但仍然是一战后新女性的杰出代表：聪慧、刚强，昭示着女性的种种可能。

去世

1964年10月20日上午11时35分，胡佛病逝于纽约，享年九十岁。此时，他已经离开白宫31年零7个月，2012年，吉米·卡特总统超越了这个最久卸任总统的记录。他的妻子卢早已于1944年离世。他是哈定和柯立芝内阁中最后一位离世的成员。富兰克林·罗斯福夫妇也都分别与1945年和1962年先他而去。胡佛病逝时，他的声望和名誉已经恢复。他在艾奥瓦州的出生地，以及在俄勒冈的一个童年住所，都已在胡佛有生之年被列为国家历史地标。他曾在弗吉尼亚修建过一个垂钓营地，并于1933年将其捐给政府。这个营地现已成为谢南多厄国家公园（Shenandoah National Park）的一部分。美国政府为胡佛举行了国葬，这也是12个月内继约翰·肯尼迪和麦克阿瑟之后的第三次国葬。胡佛夫妇葬于位于西布兰奇的赫伯特·胡佛总统图书馆和博物馆。

延伸阅读

主要资料

Myers, William Starr and Walter H. Newton, eds. The Hoover Administration; a documented narrative . 1936.

Hawley, Ellis, ed. Herbert Hoover: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, 4 vols. (1974–1977)

Hoover, Herbert Clark and Lou Henry Hoover, trans., De Re Metallica , by Agricola, G., The Mining magazine, London, 1912

De Re Metallica online version

Hoover, Herbert C. The Challenge to Liberty , 1934

Hoover, Herbert C. Addresses Upon The American Road, 1933-1938 , 1938

Hoover, Herbert C. Addresses Upon The American Road, 1940-41 , (1941)

Hoover, Herbert C. The Problems of Lasting Peace , with Hugh Gibson, 1942

Hoover, Herbert C. Addresses Upon The American Road, 1945-48 , (1949)

Hoover, Herbert C. Memoirs. New York, 1951–52. 3 vol; v. 1. Years of adventure, 1874–1920; v. 2. The Cabinet and the Presidency, 1920–1933; v. 3. The Great Depression, 1929–1941.

Dwight M. Miller and Timothy Walch, eds; Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Documentary History. Greenwood Press. 1998.

次要资料

传记

Best, Gary Dean. The Politics of American Individualism: Herbert Hoover in Transition, 1918-1921 (1975)

Bornet, Vaughn Davis, An Uncommon President. In: Herbert Hoover Reassessed. (1981), pp. 71–88.

Burner, David. Herbert Hoover: A Public Life . (1979). one-volume scholarly biography.

Gelfand, Lawrence E. ed., Herbert Hoover: The Great War and Its Aftermath, 1914-1923 (1979).

Hatfield, Mark. ed. Herbert Hoover Reassessed (2002).

Hawley, Ellis. Herbert Hoover as Secretary of Commerce: Studies in New Era Thought and Practice (1981). A major reinterpretation.

Hawley, Ellis. Herbert Hoover and the Historians (1989).

Hoff-Wilson, Joan. Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive. (1975). short biography

Lloyd, Craig. Aggressive Introvert: A Study of Herbert Hoover and Public Relations Management, 1912-1932 (1973).

Nash, George H. The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Engineer 1874-1914 (1983), the definitive scholarly biography.

Nash, Lee, ed. Understanding Herbert Hoover: Ten Perspectives (1987).

Smith, Gene. The Shattered Dream: Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression (1970).

Smith, Richard Norton. An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover , (1987) full-length scholarly biography.

Walch, Timothy. ed. Uncommon Americans: The Lives and Legacies of Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover Praeger, 2003.

Wert, Hal Elliott. Hoover, The Fishing President: Portrait of the Private Man and his Life Outdoors (2005). ISBN 978-0-8117-0099-3.

学术研究

Long annotated bibliographyvia University of Virginia.

Barber, William J. From New Era to New Deal: Herbert Hoover, the Economists, and American Economic Policy, 1921-1933. (1985).

Barry, John M. Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America (1998), Hoover played a major role.

Britten, Thomas A. "Hoover and the Indians: the Case for Continuity in Federal Indian Policy, 1900-1933" Historian 1999 61(3): 518-538. ISSN 0018-2370

Calder, James D. The Origins and Development of Federal Crime Control Policy: Herbert Hoover"s Initiatives Praeger, 1993.

Carcasson, Martin. "Herbert Hoover and the Presidential Campaign of 1932: the Failure of Apologia" Presidential Studies Quarterly 1998 28(2): 349-365.

Clements, Kendrick A. Hoover, Conservation, and Consumerism: Engineering the Good Life. U. Press of Kansas, 2000.

DeConde, Alexander. Herbert Hoover"s Latin American Policy. (1951).

Dodge, Mark M., ed. Herbert Hoover and the Historians. (1989).

Doenecke, Justus D. "Anti-Interventionism of Herbert Hoover" Journal of Libertarian Studies, Summer 1987, 8(2), pp. 311–340.online version

Fausold, Martin L. The Presidency of Herbert C. Hoover. (1985) standard scholarly overview.

Fausold Martin L. and George Mazuzan, eds. The Hoover Presidency: A Reappraisal (1974).

Ferrell, Robert H. American Diplomacy in the Great Depression: Hoover-Stimson Foreign Policy, 1929-1933. (1957).

Goodman, Mark and Gring, Mark. "The Ideological Fight over Creation of the Federal Radio Commission in 1927" Journalism History 2000 26(3): 117-124.

Hamilton, David E. From New Day to New Deal: American Farm Policy from Hoover to Roosevelt, 1928-1933. (1991).

Hart, David M. "Herbert Hoover"s Last Laugh: the Enduring Significance of the "Associative State" in the United States." Journal of Policy History 1998 10(4): 419-444.

Hawley, Ellis. "Herbert Hoover, the Commerce Secretariat, and the Vision of an "Associative State," 1921-1928." Journal of American History 61 (1974): 116-140.

Houck, Davis W. "Rhetoric as Currency: Herbert Hoover and the 1929 Stock Market Crash" Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2000 3(2): 155-181. ISSN 1094-8392

Hutchison, Janet. "Building for Babbitt: the State and the Suburban Home Ideal" Journal of Policy History 1997 9(2): 184-210

Lichtman, Allan J. Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928 (1979).

Lisio, Donald J. The President and Protest: Hoover, MacArthur, and the Bonus Riot, 2d ed. (1994).

Lisio, Donald J. Hoover, Blacks, and Lily-whites: A Study of Southern Strategies (1985)

Malin, James C. The United States after the World War. 1930. extensive coverage of Hoover"s Commerce Dept. policies

Olson, James S. Herbert Hoover and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1931-1933 (1977).

Robinson, Edgar Eugene and Vaughn Davis Bornet. Herbert Hoover: President of the United States. (1976).

Romasco, Albert U. The Poverty of Abundance: Hoover, the Nation, the Depression (1965).

Schwarz, Jordan A. The Interregnum of Despair: Hoover, Congress, and the Depression. (1970). Hostile to Hoover.

Stoff, Michael B. "Herbert Hoover: 1929-1933." The American Presidency: The Authoritative Reference. New York, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company (2004), 332-343.

Sobel, Robert Herbert Hoover and the Onset of the Great Depression 1929-1930 (1975).

Tracey, Kathleen. Herbert Hoover—A Bibliography. His Writings and Addresses (1977).

Wilbur, Ray Lyman, and Arthur Mastick Hyde. The Hoover Policies. (1937). In depth description of his administration by two cabinet members.

Wueschner, Silvano A. Charting Twentieth-Century Monetary Policy: Herbert Hoover and Benjamin Strong, 1917-1927. Greenwood, 1999.

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