抗生素抗药性
成因
自然发生
在医学上
其他动物中的作用
对环境的影响
机制
Schematic representation of how antibiotic resistance evolves via natural selection. The top section represents a population of bacteria before exposure to an antibiotic. The middle section shows the population directly after exposure, the phase in which selection took place. The last section shows the distribution of resistance in a new generation of bacteria. The legend indicates the resistance levels of individuals.
抗药菌
金黄色葡萄球菌
金黄色葡萄球菌( Staphylococcus aureus )
链球菌和肠球菌
化脓性链球菌( Streptococcus pyogenes )
抗万古霉素肠球菌(Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus )
绿脓杆菌
多重抗药性绿脓杆菌( Pseudomonas aeruginosa )
艰难梭菌
艰难梭菌( Clostridium difficile )
沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌
大肠杆菌( Escherichia coli )和沙门氏菌( Salmonella )
鲍氏不动杆菌
鲍氏不动杆菌( Acinetobacter baumannii )
克雷伯肺炎杆菌
克雷伯肺炎杆菌碳青霉烯酶(KPC,K. pneumoniae carbapenemase)
结核杆菌
结核杆菌( Mycobacterium tuberculosis )
参见
国际慎用抗生素联盟 ( 英语 : Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics )
抗菌洗手乳 ( 英语 : Antibacterial soap )
克雷伯肺炎杆菌碳青霉烯酶KPC,K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (Class A),抗药性基因
广效抗生素 ( 英语 : Broad-spectrum antibiotic )
抗碳青霉烯类肠杆菌属 ( 英语 : Carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae )
疾病动态、经济和政策中心 ( 英语 : Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy )
最后一线药物 ( 英语 : Drug of last resort )
多药耐受性 ( 英语 : Multidrug tolerance )
多重抗药性革兰氏阴性菌 ( 英语 : Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria )
新德里金属-β-内酰胺酶1(NDM-1),抗药性基因
杀虫剂抗药性 ( 英语 : Pesticide resistance )
参考文献
Caldwell, Roy; Lindberg, David (编).Understanding Evolution [Mutations are random]. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 2011 [ Aug 14, 2011] .
Arias, Cesar A.; Murray, BE. Antibiotic-Resistant Bugs in the 2t Century —A Clinical Super-Challenge. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009, 360 (5): 439–443. PMID 19179312 . doi:10.1056/NEJMp0804651 .
D"Costa, Vanessa; King, Christine; Kalan, Lindsay; Morar, Mariya; Sung, Wilson; Schwartz, Carsten; Froese, Duane; Zazula, Grant; Calmels, Fabrice. Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature. September 2011, 477 (7365): 457–461.Bibcode:2011Natur.477..457D. PMID 21881561 . doi:10.1038/nature10388 .
Donadio, Stefano; Maffioli, Sonia; Monciardini, Paolo; Sosio, Margherita; Jabes, Daniela. Antibiotic discovery in the twenty-first century: Current trends and future perspectives. The Journal of Antibiotics. August 2010, 63 (8): 423–430. PMID 20551985 . doi:10.1038/ja.2010.62 .
Goossens, H; Ferech, M; Vander Stichele, R; Elseviers, M; Esac Project, Group. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet. Group Esac Project. 2005, 365 (9459): 579–87. PMID 15708101 . doi:10.1016/S0140-6736 (05)17907-0 .
Hawkey, PM; Jones, AM. The changing epidemiology of resistance. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. September 2009,. 64 Suppl 1: i3–10. PMID 19675017 . doi:10.1093/jac/dkp256 .
Soulsby, EJ.Resistance to antimicrobials in humans and animals: Overusing antibiotics is not the only cause and reducing use is not the only solution. BMJ. 2005, 331 (7527): 1219–20. PMC 1289307 . PMID 16308360 . doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7527.1219 .
Alternatives to Antibiotics Reduce Animal Disease. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. 9 Jan 2006.
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