参看

国语元音图

元音字母

元音列表

音节

音位

半元音

辅音

闭元音

双元音

三元音

参考文献

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association , 1999.剑桥大学ISBN 0-521-63751-1

Johnson, Keith, Acoustic & Auditory Phonetics , second edition, 2003. Blackwell ISBN 1-4051-0123-7

Korhonen, Mikko. Koltansaamen opas , 1973. Castreanum ISBN 951-45-0189-6

Peter Ladefoged|Ladefoged, Peter, A Course in Phonetics , fifth edition, 2006. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth ISBN 1-4130-2079-8

Ladefoged, Peter, Elements of Acoustic Phonetics , 1995.芝加哥大学ISBN 0-226-46764-3

Ladefoged, Peter; Ian Maddieson (1996). The Sounds of the World"s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.

Ladefoged, Peter, Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages , 2000. Blackwell ISBN 0-631-21412-7.

Lindau, Mona. (1978). Vowel features. Language , 54 , 541–563.

Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). Acoustic phonetics . Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT. ISBN 0-262-19404-X.

Stevens, Kenneth N. (2000). Toward a model for lexical access based on acoustic landmarks and distinctive features. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 111 (4), 1872–1891.

Watt, D. and Tillotson, J. (2001). A spectrographic analysis of vowel fronting in Bradford English. English World-Wide 22:2, 269–302. Available at[1]

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