基本概念

参与者模型推崇的哲学是“一切皆是参与者”，这与面向对象编程的“一切皆是对象”类似，但是面向对象编程通常是顺序执行的，而参与者模型是并行执行的。

参与者是一个运算实体，回应接受到的消息，同时并行的：

发送有限数量的消息给其他参与者；

创建有限数量的新参与者；

指定接受到下一个消息时的行为。

以上操作不含有顺序执行的假设，因此可以并行进行。

发送者与已经发送的消息解耦，是参与者模型的根本优势。这允许进行异步通信，同时满足消息传递的控制结构。

消息接收者是通过地址区分的，有时也被称作“邮件地址”。因此参与者只能和它拥有地址的参与者通信。它可以通过接受到的信息获取地址，或者获取它创建的参与者的地址。

参与者模型的特征是，参与者内部或之间进行并行计算，参与者可以动态创建，参与者地址包含在消息中，交互只有通过直接的异步消息通信，不限制消息到达的顺序。

使用参与者模式编程

一些编程语言使用了参与者模型或变种。这些语言包括：

早期参与者模式编程语言

Act 1, 2 and 3

Acttalk

Ani

Cantor

Rosette

后期参与者模式编程语言

参与者模式库及框架

参与者模式库及框架，允许用户在没有内置参与者模式的语言中进行编程。这些框架包括

注意这里没有列出全部框架和库。

参考资料

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^Carl Hewitt. Viewing Control Structures as Patterns of Passing Messages Journal of Artificial Intelligence. June 1977.

^Henry Lieberman.A Preview of Act 1(PDF). MIT AI memo 625. June 1981. 

^Henry Lieberman.Thinking About Lots of Things at Once without Getting Confused: Parallelism in Act 1(PDF). MIT AI memo 626. June 1981. 

^Jean-Pierre Briot. Acttalk: A framework for object-oriented concurrent programming-design and experience 2nd France-Japan workshop. 1999.

^Ken Kahn. A Computational Theory of Animation MIT EECS Doctoral Dissertation. August 1979.

^William Athas and Nanette Boden Cantor: An Actor Programming System for Scientific Computing in Proceedings of the NSF Workshop on Object-Based Concurrent Programming. 1988. Special Issue of SIGPLAN Notices.

^Darrell Woelk. Developing InfoSleuth Agents Using Rosette: An Actor Based Language Proceedings of the CIKM "95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents. 1995.

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