童年
童年的年龄跨度
童年的具体时间并不明确,它可以指人类发展中的一段长时间。以发育和生物学而言,它指的是婴儿期与成年期之间的时期。一般而言,童年从出生开始。也有人认为,童年是玩耍和纯真的代名词。许多国家的法律中规定了着法定成人年龄,即一个人的童年正式结束,而在法律上成为成人的年龄。这一年龄各国有所不同,一般在15到20岁之间,其中以18岁最为普遍。
童年的发育阶段
更多资料:儿童发展阶段和儿童发展
儿童早期
一组儿童在演奏小提琴。
扩展阅读
Ariès, Philippe. Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.
Boas, George. The Cult of Childhood. London: Warburg, 1966.
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Buckingham, David. After the Death of Childhood: Growing Up in the Age of Electronic Media. Blackwell Publishers, 2000. ISBN 0-7456-1933-9.
Bunge, Marcia J., ed. The Child in Christian Thought. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2001.
Calvert, Karin. Children in the House: The Material Culture of Early Childhood, 1600-1900. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992.
Cleverley, John and D.C. Phillips. Visions of Childhood: Influential Models from Locke to Spock. New York: Teachers College, 1986.
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Cunningham, Hugh. Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500. London: Longman, 1995.
Cunnington, Phillis and Anne Buck. Children’s Costume in England: 1300 to 1900. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1965.
deMause, Lloyde, ed. The History of Childhood. London: Souvenir Press, 1976.
Higonnet, Anne. Pictures of Innocence: The History and Crisis of Ideal Childhood. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1998.
Immel, Andrea and Michael Witmore, eds. Childhood and Children’s Books in Early Modern Europe, 1550-1800. New York: Routledge, 2006.
Kincaid, James R. Child-Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Knörr, Jacqueline, ed. Childhood and Migration. From Experience to Agency. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2005.
Müller, Anja, ed. Fashioning Childhood in the Eighteenth Century: Age and Identity. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006.
O’Malley, Andrew. The Making of the Modern Child: Children’s Literature and Childhood in the Late Eighteenth Century. London: Routledge, 2003.
Pinchbeck, Ivy and Margaret Hewitt. Children in English Society. 2 vols. London: Routledge, 1969.
Pollock, Linda A. Forgotten Children: Parent-child relations from 1500 to 1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Postman, Neil. The Disappearance of Childhood. New York: Vintage, 1994.
Schultz, James. The Knowledge of Childhood in the German Middle Ages.
Shorter, Edward. The Making of the Modern Family.
Sommerville, C. John. The Discovery of Childhood in Puritan England. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992.
Steinberg, Shirley R. and Joe L. Kincheloe. Kinderculture: The Corporate Construction of Childhood. Westview Press Inc., 2004. ISBN 081339157.
Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800. New York: Harper and Row, 1979.
Zornado, Joseph L. Inventing the Child: Culture, Ideology, and the Story of Childhood. New York: Garland, 2001.
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