语系分类

克丘亚语有许多“方言”，有时被看成彼此相关但独立的语言，情况有点类似汉语。克丘亚语的各“方言”（或是独立但彼此相关的语言）自成一个语系——克丘亚语系（Quechuan languages）。这些语言分布在阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁等地方。克丘亚语在玻利维亚有等同西班牙语及艾玛拉语的全国性官方语言的地位，根据SIL的资料，在玻利维亚有官方地位的克丘亚语为北玻利维亚克丘亚语（North Bolivian Quechua）（1978年有116,483人）与南玻利维亚克丘亚语（South Bolivian Quechua）（1987年有3,637,500人）。另外克丘亚语在秘鲁、哥伦比亚及厄瓜多尔的一些地区有地方性的官方语言的地位。以各种克丘亚语为第一语言的使用人口总计有960万人，使用各种克丘亚语的人口总计有1400万人。

语言形态

克丘亚语的型态为综合语、黏着语。克丘亚语是高度规则的语言，有许多的中缀和后缀可以细微地或完全地改变词意，因此可以做出细致的表达。词的重音与语调不具有辨意的功能。克丘亚语有三个元音/a/、/i/、/u/。克丘亚语一般来说有十六个辅音，塞音的有声或无声除了从西班牙语借来的词以外通常没有辨意的功能。但是一些克丘亚方言（如库斯科方言）里的塞音分成三套：普通塞音、紧喉音、送气塞音，而同一个部位的不同塞音有辨意的功能。有人认为这是受到艾玛拉语所影响而形成的现象。

语系演进

现代认为克丘亚语约于公元前2600年左右起源于秘鲁的卡拉尔（Caral）地区。在库斯科的印加皇帝将克丘亚语作为官方语言，克丘亚语也随着印加帝国在第十四世纪的扩张而成了秘鲁地区的通用语。到了十六世纪西班牙征服者的时代，克丘亚语已经扩及南美洲的许多地方了。在印加帝国之后，由于天主教教会选择克丘亚语作为向安地斯山脉地区的美洲原住民传教的语言，使得克丘亚语的使用地区超出了原本印加帝国的范围。

克丘亚语约有三分之一的词汇与艾玛拉语近似，因此有人主张克丘亚语与艾玛拉语属于一个更大的克丘马拉（Quechumaran）语系，但是这个主张仍有争议。虽然克丘亚语与艾玛拉语有许多同源词，但是两者的词缀系统却没什么关系，因此两者之间的相似性可能是由于长期接触造成的，而不是因为有相同的起源。

在西班牙征服者带来拉丁字母之前，克丘亚语没有书写的文字，而是以一种叫奇普的结绳记事的工具来记事。奇普在库斯科方言里就是绳结的意思。

参见

奇普

参考文献

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延伸阅读

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