乌加里特语
文字
乌加里特字母是楔形辅音音素文字(没有元音的字母文字),用于大约公元前15世纪。尽管看起来类似美索不达米亚楔形文字,它们是无关的。它是用于腓尼基语、希伯来语和亚拉姆语的西闪米特文字家族的最古老实例,所谓的长字母表有31个字母,而短字母表有22个字母。其他语言(特别是Hurrian语)在乌加里特地区而非其他地方偶尔使用它来书写。
使用乌加里特语书写的泥板提供了使用Levantine和南闪米特字母次序二者的最早证据,它引发了希伯来、希腊和拉丁字母的字母次序。这种文字从左至右书写。
乌加里特字母表
音系
乌加里特语有28个辅音音位,包括2个半元音,和8个元音音位(3个短元音和5个长元音): a ā i ī u ū ē ō。(ē和ō只出现为长元音,而且分别是双元音“ay”和“aw”单元音化的结果)。
浊硬腭擦音ʒ出现为浊齿间擦音ð的后期变体。
浊软腭擦音ɣ出现为咽音化浊齿间擦音ðˤ的后期变体。
下表展示原始闪米特语音位和它们在乌加里特语、阿拉伯语和提比里亚希伯来语中的对应者:
有时乌加里特语ġ[ɣ]对应于原始闪米特语ṣ́[ɬˁ]。
文法
乌加里特语是屈折语言,并且作为闪米特语它的文法特征高度类似于古典阿拉伯语和阿卡德语。它拥有两个性(阳性和阴性),三个格用于名词和形容词(主格、宾格和属格);三个数:(单数、双数和复数);和类似于其他西闪米特语的动词体。乌加里特语词序是动词-主语-宾语(VSO)、所有者居后(NG)和名词–形容词(NA)。乌加里特语被认为是保守的闪米特语,因为它保留了多数原始闪米特语音位、格系统和原始闪米特祖先的词序。
参见
乌加里特
乌加里特字母
闪米特语族
引用
Cunchillos, J-L. and Juan-Pablo Vita. A Concordance of Ugaritic Words. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 2003. ISBN 1-59333-258-0.
del Olmo Lete, Gregorio; & Sanmartín, Joaquín. A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition. Brill Academic Publishers. 2004. ISBN 90-04-13694-0. (2 vols),(originally in Spanish, translated by W.G.E. Watson)。
Gibson, John C.L. Canaanite Myths and Legends. T. & T. Clark. 1977. ISBN 0-567-02351-6. This contains Latin-alphabet transliterations of the Ugaritic texts and facing translations in English.
Gordon, Cyrus Herzl. The Ancient Near East. W.W. Norton & Company Press. 1965. ISBN 0-393-00275-6.
Moscati, Sabatino. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of Semitic Languages, Phonology and Morphology. Harrassowitz Verlag. 1980. ISBN 3-447-00689-7.
Parker, Simon B.(editor). Ugaritic Narrative Poetry: Writings from the Ancient World Society of Biblical Literature. Atlanta: Scholars Press. 1997. ISBN 0-7885-0337-5.
Segert, Stanislav. A Basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language. University of California Press. 1997. ISBN 0-520-03999-8.
Sivan, Daniel. A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language(Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik). Brill Academic Publishers. 1997. ISBN 90-04-10614-6. A more concise grammar.
Tropper, J. Ugartische Grammatik, AOAT 273. Münster, Ugarit Verlag. 2000. Online Reviewof Tropper 2000 by Dennis Pardee.
Woodard, Roger D.(editor). The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2008. ISBN 0521684986.
外部链接
Ugarit and the Bible(An excerpt from an online introductory course on Ugaritic grammar (the Quartz Hill School of Theology"s course noted in the links below); includes a cursory discussion on the relationship between Ugaritic and Old Testament/Hebrew Bible literature.)
BBCi website: "El in the Ugaritic tablets" gives many attributes of the Ugaritic creator and his consort Athirat.
Abstract of Mark Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel"s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Text.
Introduction to Ugaritic Grammar(Quartz Hill School of Theology)
Unicode Chart
免责声明:以上内容版权归原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知,我们将尽快删除相关内容。感谢每一位辛勤著写的作者,感谢每一位的分享。
- 有价值
- 一般般
- 没价值