诱发抵制的事件

1955年12月1日，在阿拉巴马州的蒙哥马利，帕克斯拒绝服从公共汽车司机詹姆斯布莱克的命令，在白人座位满后，拒绝放弃了把有色座位给白人乘客。 帕克斯不是第一个抵抗公共汽车隔离的人。 其他人也采取了类似的措施，包括1942年的Bayard Rustin，1946年的Irene Morgan，1952年的Sarah Louise Keys，以及最终成功的Browder诉Gayle 1956年诉讼的成员（Claudette Colvin，Aurelia Browder，Susie McDonald和 玛丽·路易斯·史密斯）在蒙哥马利因为没有让出公共汽车座位而在帕克斯事件几个月前被捕。 NAACP组织者认为，帕克斯是用公民不服从的行为违反阿拉巴马州隔离法而被逮后被通过法院挑战的最佳候选人，尽管最终她的案件在州法院陷入困境，当Browder诉Gayle案成功。 [4]

罗莎·帕克斯

帕克斯所乘公车的座位，1955年12月1日。

E·D·尼克松

抵制

胜利

史密森尼学会巡回展览“联合抵制蒙哥马利公车运动的381天”，华盛顿州立历史博物馆。

事后

更多阅读

Berg, Allison, "Trauma and Testimony in Black Women"s Civil Rights Memoirs: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It, Warriors Don"t Cry, and From the Mississippi Delta", Journal of Women"s History, 21 (Fall 2009), 84–107.

Branch, Taylor. Parting The Waters: America In The King Years, 1954-63 (1988; New York: Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1989). ISBN 0-671-68742-5

Carson, Clayborne, et al., editors, Eyes on The Prize Civil Rights Reader: documents, speeches, and first hand accounts from the black freedom struggle (New York:Penguin Books, 1991). ISBN 0-14-015403-5

Freedman, Russell, "Freedom Walkers: The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott"

Garrow, David J. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. (1986) ISBN 0-394-75623-1

Garrow, David J., editor, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1987). ISBN 0-87049-527-5

King, Martin Luther, Jr., Stride Toward Freedom. ISBN 0-06-250490-8

Morris, Aldon D., The Origins Of The Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing For Change (New York: The Free Press, 1984). ISBN 0-02-922130-7

Parks, Rosa. My Story. New York: Dial Books. 1992. 

Raines, Howell, My Soul Is Rested: The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South. ISBN 0-14-006753-1

Walsh, Frank, Landmark Events in American History: The Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Williams, Juan, Eyes on The Prize: America"s Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Penguin Books, 1988). ISBN 0-14-009653-1

参考

Alabama Civil Rights Collection- Jack Rabin Collection on Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists, at Penn State University, includes oral history interviews and materials concerning Montgomery Bus Boycott

Montgomery Bus Boycott article, Encyclopedia of Alabama

Montgomery Bus Boycott - Story of Montgomery Bus Boycott

Encyclopedia entry on the Montgomery Bus Boycott~ Includes cross-referenced text, historical documents and streaming audio, presented by the King Research Institute at Stanford University

The Montgomery Bus Boycott- African-American History

Montgomery Bus Boycott~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans

Learning From Rosa Parks, The Indypendent

Montgomery Bus Boycott - Presented by the Montgomery Advertiser

Civil Rights Era Mug Shots, Montgomery County Sheriff"s Office, Alabama Department of Archives & History

Martin Luther King and the "Montgomery Story" Comic Book- 1956

Montgomery Bus Boycott DocumentsOnline collection of original boycott documents & articles by participants ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans.

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