吠陀
吠陀本集
四部吠陀本集是:
《梨俱吠陀》(歌咏明论,ऋग्वेद , Ṛgveda ),
《娑摩吠陀》(赞颂明论,सामवेद, Sāmaveda ),
《夜柔吠陀》(祭祀明论,यजुर्वेदः , Yajurveda ),
《阿闼婆吠陀》(禳灾明论,अथर्ववेद, Atharvaveda )。
四部吠陀本集中以《梨俱吠陀》最早,最初的部分可以追溯到公元前2000年时代,正值印度河文明的时期,雅利安人大体居住在印度的西北印度河两岸的时期。其他三卷吠陀经皆是《梨俱吠陀》的衍生作品,相继成书于后,最晚集结完成的为《阿闼婆吠陀》。后三卷吠陀经中的神曲,不是部分《梨俱吠陀》神曲的复述,便是在它基础上的发展而来。吠陀神曲有长有短,长曲是一曲多颂。短曲是一曲数颂或仅有一颂。多数颂由四句构成,少数由三句构成。
著作吠陀的时代被称为印度的吠陀时期。它使用比印度梵语更为古老的语言,称为吠陀梵语。
梵书
梵书是以散文体写成的关于吠陀宗教使用的各种复杂祭祀的讲述和讨论。最重要的梵书有《百道梵书》、《爱达罗氏梵书》、《海螺氏梵书》、《牛道梵书》等。
森林书
本质上和奥义书没有什么区别的一类著作,据说是“隐居在林中无法从事复杂的祭祀而代以冥思的老年人”的作品。存世的森林书很少。
奥义书
神秘主义哲学的著作,不再讨论祭祀(或反对祭祀)。存世数量巨大。特别重要的有《歌者奥义书》、《广林奥义书》等。
参考文献
《印度通史》,商务印书馆,书号:11017·224
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